We believed everything was progressing positively. My daughter bonded well with him, and I felt immense pride in her as a mother. However, I suspect that the challenges of sleepless nights may have impacted her more than she admitted, and perhaps she wasn’t reaching out for the help she truly needed.

When our grandson turned two, a disagreement I perceived as a minor issue escalated, leading my daughter to block all communication with us, without showing any willingness for reconciliation. I had offered advice on safety matters a couple of times, which might have caused her anxiety and been perceived as critical. Other than that, I thought we had been supportive and believed we had a friendly relationship — so why have I suddenly become the enemy? This situation has left me feeling devastated and confused every day.

Our relationship had generally been good, though there were challenges during her late teenage years when she struggled with unhappiness that we were unaware of. Since then, there have been ups and downs, and my husband has noted that I can be harsh at times, though I always tried to show love.

After the contact was blocked, we wrote to express how much we love her. Her reply indicated a desire to mend the relationship but specified that it would need to be different. Unfortunately, this hasn’t led to any improvement. Estrangement seems to be increasingly common, and there appears to be a growing inclination to maintain such separations rather than pursue resolution.

We are deeply saddened. Our concern for her and longing for their presence is overwhelming and negatively affecting our lives. Help! Lorna

A. The arrival of a child can be a joyous occasion, yet it can also breed divisions within families due to various emotional and relational dynamics. Changes in family roles, generational differences, and conflicting parenting perspectives often lead to tension and unsolicited advice. Previous family conflicts may resurface, and while effective communication might ease these transitions, some families face difficulties adapting to new circumstances. In some cases, an event that should bring joy can result in alarming conflict.

According to Standalone (standalone.org.uk), estrangement impacts at least one in five families, with adult children often severing ties amid toxic environments, experiences of abuse, neglect, or shifting family values. It appears several of these factors are at play in your situation, and I can empathize with how blindsided and powerless you must feel.

You’re observing a broader trend regarding family estrangement while questioning if your daughter’s distancing is a personal choice or part of a cultural shift toward family disconnection amid conflict. It might be worth exploring whether those who become estranged are grappling with their own issues or falling victim to a societal tendency toward valuing independence over familial bonds. The increasing dialogue about estrangement, notably on social media, could normalize such behavior as a solution to family challenges. However, focusing too much on this societal shift may divert your attention from crucial factors, including any role you may have played in this stalemate.

As you explain, family estrangement often leads to profound feelings of sorrow, anger, rejection, and isolation. It’s evident that this situation has significantly impacted your life. Your daughter has expressed a desire for reconciliation, provided it takes a different form. Therefore, it’s puzzling why nothing seems to have progressed. Change demands personal motivation and willingness, which cannot be coerced. We cannot control others’ thoughts, behaviors, or emotions, but we can certainly modify our own actions, responsively and thoughtfully.

By concentrating on self-improvement, we can affect our interactions with others and potentially inspire them to reflect on their own behaviors. With that in mind, it’s important to consider your husband’s remark about your possible harshness. While you remember yourself as always loving, I can see that the loss weighs heavily on you. Yet, could it be that your communication style, even if well-meant, has sometimes come off as harsh, belittling, or undermining to your daughter? New mothers, who often face exhaustion and anxiety, may be particularly sensitive to how words are communicated.

You ponder whether your daughter might have been struggling more than she revealed. Reflecting backward, you realize signs of her unhappiness during her adolescence may have been overlooked. This raises potential communication issues during challenging times or a tendency to express your opinions without fully considering her feelings. If the present scenario feels reminiscent of past struggles, are there unaddressed lessons from those experiences?

Do you fall into the pattern of wanting to fix things before truly listening and observing? Does your husband’s observation about your perceived harshness suggest you still might not be tuning into your daughter’s needs, focusing instead on what you think is necessary to communicate? Might “harshness” indicate a bluntness that may land poorly with someone who already feels vulnerable? Comments regarding safety could be perceived as undermining by a new mother, intensifying feelings of inadequacy.

If you face a block in seeing your grandchild, there are steps to take. Initially, I recommend striving for informal resolution. Begin with calm dialogue to grasp your daughter’s concerns better. This may involve reflecting on previous actions, acknowledging any hurt feelings caused, and offering a sincere apology without defensiveness. Successful conflict resolution requires taking responsibility without anticipating immediate reciprocation. It’s not about conceding; it’s about recognizing you’re engaging with a tired, overwhelmed young mother.

Approach your daughter with calmness, proposing an open conversation about the situation. Listen attentively when she speaks, avoiding interruptions, defensiveness, or unsolicited solutions unless requested. Simply validating her feelings by acknowledging their reality can significantly contribute to rebuilding trust. It’s essential to refrain from criticism or unsolicited guidance, as these may have exacerbated the estrangement. Unsolicited advice can feel controlling, suggesting a lack of confidence in her capability to manage her own life. Maintaining her autonomy and privacy is crucial; she needs to sense your trust in her judgment.

Rebuilding trust requires time, and small, thoughtful gestures can foster connection. Sending warm messages, remembering important occasions with a card or a small gift, or simply affirming your care — without pressure or expectations — can remind her of your steady, unconditional love. Consistency and patience are vital. Mending strained relationships isn’t an overnight process, but by demonstrating respect for her boundaries and a willingness to meet her where she is, you pave the way for future connections.

A family mediator can facilitate a safe environment for constructive and open conversations, potentially aiding reconnection (see National Family Mediation at nfm.org.uk). If all methods fail and you wish to explore legal avenues, it’s worth noting that UK grandparents do not possess automatic rights to contact but may apply for a court order seeking contact. The court will assess whether your application can move forward, prioritizing the child’s best interests, which include your relationship with them and how contact could affect their wellbeing.

The pain of estrangement can be profound, yet it’s important to remember that strained relationships can hold the potential for reconciliation and renewal. Approach the situation with empathy, patience, and a readiness to listen — there is always a chance to rebuild trust and understanding. While this journey may require time, the pursuit of restoring connection can often yield emotional peace and cultivate stronger, more compassionate family ties in the future. Wishing you the best.

The recent implementation of VAT on school fees has prompted many grandparents to step in and help with the additional financial burden. Matthew Grimes from The Penny Group, a financial consultancy, stated, “We’ve been approached by numerous families expressing their frustration over the VAT. We’re witnessing an increase in conversations around gifting and strategies for safeguarding money for educational expenses.”

With the removal of the VAT exemption for private schools, parents may face a cost increase of up to 20%, depending on whether schools pass on the entire charge. This tax change is projected to generate an additional £460 million for the Treasury this fiscal year, potentially rising to a staggering £1.7 billion annually by 2029-30. The government indicated that this influx of funds would be used to hire 6,500 more teachers for state schools.

This move has intensified the financial strain on families who are already struggling to afford private education. According to the Independent Schools Council (ISC), which advocates for over 1,400 schools, private school fees have historically increased by an average of 5% annually over the last 30 years.

In 2024, average term fees for day schools were reported at £6,021 (£18,063 annually), a significant rise from £4,398 per term (£13,194 per year) in 2015. For boarding schools, average fees climbed to £14,153 per term (£42,459 annually), compared to £10,123 per term (£30,369 annually) in 2015, according to ISC data.

A survey conducted by Premium Credit revealed that 35% of parents who chose private schooling received financial assistance from family members last year, with 69% of this support coming from grandparents.

Additionally, a survey from wealth management firm Saltus, which included 2,000 parents with at least £250,000 in investable assets, indicated that one in nine parents with children in private schools were considering transitioning them to state-funded schools.

Kirsty Stone of The Private Office noted a rise in grandparents utilizing their pension savings to assist family members, particularly following the October budget announcement, which indicated that pensions would be subject to inheritance tax starting April 2027.

“Grandparents who planned to keep their pensions untouched due to their inheritance tax exemption are now opting to utilize their pensions while they can,” Stone explained. “Families prefer to make gifts sooner, and for many, contributing to school fees is an ideal way to do so.”

Angela Gourd: A Grandparent’s Generous Contribution

One such generous grandparent, affectionately referred to as Supergran by her family, is Angela Gourd. She provided financial assistance to cover her grandson Ryan’s private school fees this year, alleviating the need for her daughter, Victoria Borman, to take on an additional job.

Ryan began attending Bedford School as a day student in September and is preparing for his A-levels while also engaging in academy-level rugby with the Northampton Saints, thanks to the school’s strong affiliations with the team.

The school charges approximately £16,684 for the 2024-25 academic year, excluding the 20% VAT that will be added for the upcoming term. Following a scholarship and a bursary, Ryan’s total fees were reduced to around £7,800 for the year, yet this was still a considerable expense for his mother.

Borman, 46, who operates her own business, CBD Angel, selling cannabidiol products and managing a holiday rental property, considered taking on extra work until her mother offered her support.

“During a typical Sunday dinner together, she volunteered to help,” Borman recounted. “Mum mentioned, ‘I’ve set aside money for Ryan in my will, and I’d rather put it to good use now rather than let it sit there.’”

In addition to Ryan’s school fees, Gourd plans to fund his second year and has also covered a £3,800 rugby team trip to South Africa, along with £600 for his school uniform and training gear.

“Ryan now has a genuine shot at a career in rugby, and seeing him happy makes me happy. Mum loves witnessing Ryan thrive at school, so it’s truly a win-win situation. She is undeniably a supergran,” Borman shared.

Caution for Generous Grandparents

The trend of grandparents stepping in financially is becoming increasingly significant.

According to insurer SunLife, one in four individuals over the age of 50 has given substantial cash gifts to family members in the past five years, with an average gift amounting to £20,021. Furthermore, one in six grandparents consistently provides financial support to their adult children and grandchildren, as per a survey by the investment platform Moneyfarm.

These supportive grandparents, on average, contribute £71,942 throughout their lifetimes toward expenses such as rent, housing deposits, energy bills, and educational fees.

Making lifetime financial gifts can not only be rewarding for families but can also provide significant tax advantages. Under the seven-year rule, individuals can give away unlimited amounts without incurring inheritance tax, provided they survive seven years after the gift is made.

Additionally, smaller gifts can be made within annual gifting allowances, which remain exempt from inheritance tax. There is a £3,000 a year gift allowance and the ability to gift multiple amounts of £250 to different individuals in the same year without tax implications.

Parents can give £5,000 to their child for a wedding without incurring tax, with grandparents able to give up to £2,500. Notably, this can be combined with the annual £3,000 exemption, allowing a parent to make a total wedding contribution of £8,000.

However, generous grandparents must exercise caution to avoid compromising their financial wellbeing in the future. “Grandparents should prioritize their financial security over providing for their grandchildren, regardless of how much they adore them,” advised Gianpaolo Mantini from Saltus.

The Sunday Times Parent Power rankings of the finest primary schools in England indicate that institutions in London and the southeastern region maintain a strong presence among the top ten. Four of these schools secured positions in the capital, with Carlton Junior and Infant School in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, earning the title of Primary School of the Year in the North 2025, positioned eighth nationally. St Charles’ RC Primary School in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, is the leading school in the northeast at 31.

The list of 1,000 primary schools represents nearly 6 percent of the total 16,764 primary institutions across England. Current statistics reveal that the overall levels of combined reading, writing, and mathematics skills have yet to recover to pre-COVID standards. In the recent tests conducted in May, 61 percent of students met the expected levels in English, grammar, and math combined, a slight improvement from 60 percent last year but down from 65 percent in 2019, marking the last year that Sats assessments were conducted prior to the pandemic.

This league table, compiled using the first set of Department of Education-approved data since 2019, showcases the effectiveness of certain schools in aiding students referred to as the ‘lost generation’ in recovering post-pandemic. At the same time, educators continue to confront challenges such as declining attendance, a mental health crisis, and an increase in students with unhealthy habits and emotional difficulties.

Evelyn Chua, the head teacher of Hampden Gurney CofE Primary School in Westminster, central London, leads the rankings with an impressive average score of 115.3 out of 120 across reading, writing, and math, gaining the coveted title of Primary School of the Year 2025. Chua emphasizes the importance of promptly welcoming all students back to the classroom while focusing on their well-being along with achieving high academic standards.

Chua’s initiatives included dismissing underperforming teachers, addressing the issue of parents taking children out during term time, and implementing “golden rules” that encourage students to always strive for their best.

“When I took over, expectations at the school were not as high,” Chua explains. “The motto was more about ‘do what you can’. We had to change the entire ethos, as we faced challenges from parents, educators, and students all struggling with low performance.”

Upon returning after school closures, younger students experienced difficulties reintegrating and sometimes became emotional. Chua introduced a worry box, allowing children to express their concerns through drawings or notes. Additionally, a “regulation zone” was established to help students identify and manage unsettling feelings using colors and facial expressions.

“Narrowing the curriculum to focus solely on core subjects would be a disservice, as schools cater to more than just academics,” Chua points out. The school also offers after-school clubs ranging from coding to drama and sports, encouraging every child to discover their unique talents.

Similarly, Dave Rooney, head teacher at Lowbrook Academy in Maidenhead, which ranks second in the table, supports this philosophy with a focus on nurturing happy and healthy high achievers.

He believes the arts and sports are crucial elements of the school’s identity. The school invites local clubs to engage students in various activities, from archery to dance, and encourages them to pursue these interests within the community as well.

Classes often incorporate real-world examples related to local industry, such as field trips to view the Maidenhead Railway Bridge. “We take the children to explore Brunel’s bridge, once the longest arch bridge in the world, and then return to create their own bridge designs in class,” Rooney shares.

At Lowbrook Academy, students are encouraged to adopt a “growth mindset,” with phrases like “I can’t do it yet” replacing negative self-talk about their abilities.

The school has also established a well-being room and employs three counselors to support students grappling with anxiety in the aftermath of the pandemic. A unique addition to the school’s environment is Rosie, a one-year-old Labrador-collie mix who assists in comforting students and encouraging them to be active.

“A child who struggles to speak in class has found her voice while walking Rosie,” Rooney recounts. “Others who refuse to read aloud enjoy sharing stories with her because she simply listens. She particularly loves ‘The Very Hungry Caterpillar’ because the kids poke their fingers through the pages, which she enjoys.”

Creative initiatives, high ambitions, and dedicated teaching staff characterize many of the successful schools listed in the rankings.

Carlton Junior and Infant School in Dewsbury, despite its location in a less affluent area of northern England, offers “extraordinary opportunities for its students, typically associated with more privileged backgrounds,” says head teacher Rizwana Mahmood-Ahmed. These experiences include trips to esteemed institutions like the University of Oxford, Sandhurst military academy, and the Royal Ballet, along with opportunities for horse riding, skiing, and violin lessons.

“My philosophy is to help children aim for excellence by exposing them to the best experiences possible,” Mahmood-Ahmed asserts. She prefers not to label her students as “underprivileged” or “deprived,” arguing that focusing on challenges needs to be paired with proactive solutions.

Since her arrival as head teacher in 2014, Mahmood-Ahmed has guided the school to significant academic improvements, with students successfully gaining admission to prestigious universities and securing careers in law and education. Many students are from local Pakistani and Indian families. By age ten, the children have been introduced to classic literature, including Shakespeare.

“When I joined, we were deemed a failing school; we have transformed significantly since then,” she states. “Last year, we ranked second nationally for reading and third for math in Sats tests. We also received 184 applications for just 30 spots in the reception class last year.”

She notes a change in students’ resilience post-pandemic and the school’s ongoing exploration of how its physical environment impacts well-being. Innovations such as mood lighting, indoor plants, and gentle background music are being tested to enhance the atmosphere.

St Ives Primary and Nursery School in Ringwood, Dorset, which was named Primary School of the Year in the Southwest 2025 and ranked sixth nationally, has also prioritized mental health initiatives. The school participates in a program called myHappymind, aimed at teaching emotional self-regulation and confidence-building techniques. Last year’s well-being day featured activities like an inflatable obstacle course, yoga, and a dance party.

Redhill Primary School in Derby, recognized as the Primary School of the Year in the East Midlands 2025, has implemented effective strategies to promote reading, addressing the post-pandemic “word gap” among young learners. The school developed the Redhill Literary Canon, a curated list of the top 100 recommended books for its students. At Staindrop CofE Primary School in Darlington, Co Durham, ranked 46th, midday tutoring sessions for struggling readers are enhanced with juice and biscuits to boost participation.

At Carlton Infant and Junior School, students contributed to designing their own library, opting for a Harry Potter theme that includes a treehouse, which has become a favorite space for them.

One significant hurdle schools have encountered in the wake of the pandemic is encouraging students to attend regularly. Approximately 1.8 million children are frequently absent from school, missing at least one half-day each week.

To improve attendance, schools have implemented creative incentives. For instance, Carlton has introduced rewards such as £100 and £50 shopping vouchers awarded each term to families with the best attendance records.

Mahmood-Ahmed believes that affordable flights available during term time contribute to attendance issues, advocating for stricter regulations regarding families who opt for holidaying during critical school periods. She proposes that head teachers be empowered to expel students who are absent for more than five consecutive days without proper authorization.

Furthermore, she calls on government authorities to direct more resources towards northern schools to help bridge the educational disparity with southern counterparts and provide students with better opportunities for success.

Highlighted Primary Schools

Primary School of the Year 2025: Hampden Gurney CofE Primary School, Westminster, central London

Small Primary School of the Year 2025: Springwell School, Hartlepool

Primary School of the Year in London 2025: St Stephen’s Primary School, East Ham

Primary School of the Year in the Southeast 2025: Lowbrook Academy, Maidenhead

Primary School of the Year in the Southwest 2025: St Ives Primary and Nursery School, Ringwood

Primary School of the Year in East Anglia 2025: St Thomas More RC Primary School, Saffron Walden

Primary School of the Year in the East Midlands 2025: Redhill Primary School, Derby

Primary School of the Year in the West Midlands 2025: St Filumena’s RC Primary School, Stoke-on-Trent

Primary School of the Year in the North 2025: Carlton Junior and Infant School, Dewsbury

Primary School of the Year in the Northeast 2025: St Charles’ RC Primary School, Gosforth

Primary School of the Year in the Northwest 2025: The Delamere CofE Academy, Tarporley

Explore School League Tables 2025

Discover the best secondary schools and find tips for selecting an excellent educational institution.

A comprehensive survey conducted by NSPCC indicates that 55% of parents with children under the age of 18 believe their own childhoods provided them with “better experiences” compared to their kids. Additionally, 54% stated their childhood was less challenging, and 63% felt it was safer than today’s childhood.

The YouGov survey, which queried 4,017 parents to evaluate children’s play activities, revealed that 59% of respondents wish their children engaged in more in-person playing.

The study found that only 25% of parents reported their child played with a peer or parent every day, with just 15% noting that such interactions occurred more than once per day.

For teenagers aged 12-16, the daily in-person play figures dropped to 21%, and only 5% participated in such activities multiple times a day.

In contrast, 27% of all parents noted that their children play online games daily, with 12% indicating that these gaming sessions occur more than once a day.

Among 12 to 16-year-olds, the daily participation in online gaming rose to 35%, with 19% engaged in these activities several times a day.

One-third of parents stated that concerns over safety are the primary obstacle preventing their children from engaging in more face-to-face play. Other noted barriers include the easy accessibility of online games, which 26% of parents identified as an issue.

Furthermore, around 25% of parents highlighted the ongoing cost-of-living crisis as a factor making it difficult to financially support extracurricular clubs. Additionally, 12% mentioned a “lack of space” available, while nearly a quarter attributed their children’s socialization difficulties to a “lack of friends.”

Chris Sherwood, Chief Executive of the NSPCC, remarked: “It is instinctual for parents to desire a better life for their children, yet our research indicates a troubling trend in childhood experiences today.

“The decline in in-person play is particularly troubling, and we all share the responsibility to address this issue.

“Encouraging children and young people to play more with peers and family—both indoors and outdoors—can significantly enhance their physical and mental health as well as overall well-being.”

Lucy Marsh from the Family Education Trust expressed concern, stating: “It is alarming to see that numerous children are spending substantial amounts of time online instead of engaging in play with friends or family. This trend is detrimental not only to their physical well-being but also hinders their ability to socialize adequately.

“Unfortunately, many parents have turned to electronic devices as substitutes for childcare rather than interacting with their children. Most families now have both parents working extensive hours, leaving limited opportunities to engage in activities or play dates after school due to financial constraints from the ongoing cost-of-living crisis.

“If the government genuinely aims to address the mental health challenges and support resilience in children, it should provide both financial and practical help to encourage families to spend more quality time together.”

Specifically, I’m referring to the art of making a quality picture book, as there are certainly more than enough mediocre examples out there. It always surprises me when I encounter those who dismiss authors like Julia Donaldson, claiming, “I could write that!” as if they possess the secret to achieving multimillionaire status but are merely opting out of it.

So, what is the secret ingredient that makes a picture book truly great? This year, while attending the Bologna Ragazzi awards—a prestigious international ceremony akin to the Olympics for picture books—I had the opportunity to observe the judges as they navigated through thousands of submissions to identify the top three. It was refreshing to witness children’s illustration being recognized as high art. However, I found myself yearning for a picture book infused with humor amidst a plethora of monochromatic tales centered around serious themes like dictatorship.

Enter Sleep Tight, Disgusting Blob, the perfect remedy. Written by Huw Aaron, a Welsh author, cartoonist, and graphic novelist, this charming rhyming tale turns the conventional bedtime story on its head, introducing a delightful dose of gentle irony suitable for even the youngest readers. After all, those spooky creatures that creep around at night also have their own little monsters who need their rest.

The story unfolds in the Blob household, where a parent Blob encourages their little Disgusting Blob to put away toys and prepare for bed.

“Here at the end of a well-spent day, a yawning Blob I see.

Reach out your weary tentacles and come upstairs with me …

For all creatures grim and evil, under the tired sun, are settling down — and so must you, my horrible little one.”

This sets the stage for a quirky overview of the bedtime routines of various baby monsters: “The Dark Lord in his tower is sleepy. The Yeti has turned off her light. The Unspeakable Horror is sucking its thumb. The Cyborg’s on charge for the night. The Phantom’s haunting is done for the day. The Minotaur’s laid down her head. The Demon’s had Calpol for his tickly cough. It’s time to go to bed.”

From Dracula brushing his teeth to Medusa managing her hairstyles, these monsters have never appeared more endearing.

“Closed is the Cyclops’ glowering eye. Steady the Brain’s gentle throb.

Settled and snoring the Beast of the Moor. Shush now, my horrible Blob.

Your duvet is soft and slimy. Your pillow is lovely and damp. Cuddle in close with a book (or three). We’ll read by the light of the lamp.”

This book is ideal for the disgusting blob in your life, making it the perfect addition to your bedtime routine.

Sleep Tight, Disgusting Blob (ages 3-7) by Huw Aaron (Puffin, £7.99, 32 pages).

In my work alongside collaborators from around the globe including the US, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Germany, and Guatemala, we have engaged with diverse family backgrounds through surveys, interviews, and focus groups across the northeast of England, Glasgow, Bradford, and Leicester. Together, we have produced over 150 research articles and book chapters.

My studies as a biologist and anthropologist focus on the impacts of our evolutionary history on sleep biology and behavior, how societal changes shape beliefs about infant sleep, and how insights into infant sleep can help parents navigate myths surrounding the topic.

Infant sleep patterns are simultaneously straightforward and intricate. On one hand, they are easily comprehensible, based on basic biological principles applicable to all infants; on the other hand, cultural and societal factors complicate our understanding.

Should I Establish a Bedtime for My Infant?

In the initial months, a regular bedtime is not necessary. Infants will experience sleep throughout the day and night, so parents can rest with their baby during evening hours and transfer them to their designated sleep area right before their own bedtime. As babies begin to consolidate their sleep into longer night segments around three months, they will generally sleep longest at the start of the night. Synchronizing your sleep cycle with your baby’s can facilitate managing wake-ups later in the night. It’s less jarring to awaken from REM or light sleep than from deep sleep. Further along, adopting a set bedtime becomes more sensible, but try not to schedule it too early to take advantage of their initial longer sleep periods.

What If My Baby Refuses to Sleep?

If you have ensured that discomfort is not an issue, a potential reason your baby may struggle to fall asleep could be their inability to do so on cue. Just like adults, infants can’t fall asleep instantaneously. The phenomenon known as sleep pressure—feeling unable to keep one’s eyes open—is caused by the accumulation of a chemical called adenosine in the brain. This substance builds up while awake and is cleared out during sleep.

Both infants and adults require sufficient sleep pressure to drift off. If your baby isn’t ready for sleep, engaging them in stimulating activities like a stroll outside or playful interactions may help them accumulate the necessary sleep pressure for a smooth transition to sleep.

Is the ‘Drowsy but Awake’ Technique Effective?

Parents often hear the advice to place babies in their crib “drowsy but awake,” but this can sometimes prove ineffective. The reasoning is that the baby who learns to fall asleep in their crib will more likely be able to settle themselves back to sleep upon waking at night compared to a baby who falls asleep during feeding. While there is some logic to this advice, it does not fully align with how infant sleep biology works. As sleep pressure builds, infants may feel drowsy during feedings since breastfeeding can induce sleepiness, and their parents’ embrace offers a comforting environment.

If your baby is content to be drowsy and stays awake long enough for you to lay them down, you may want to try this strategy, but don’t stress if they fall asleep before being placed in the crib.

Why Does My Baby Wake up When I Try to Lay Them Down?

Newborns transition into deeper sleep gradually rather than quickly like adults. Initially, they will be in active sleep before moving into a more tranquil phase, which can take 20 to 30 minutes. During this time, they are quite sensitive to being disturbed. For the first few months, if you attempt to place them down before they are in a deeper sleep, they may rouse easily. Ideally, wait until they are in a quiet sleep state, characterized by rhythmic breathing and a relaxed body, before shifting them.

Strategies for When Your Baby is Overtired

When a child is very tired but unable to soothe themselves in a stimulating environment, they may be classified as “overtired.” Similar to adults, external stressors can hamper their ability to sleep, even when sleep pressure is high. Helping them to settle can involve physical comforting methods like cuddling or rocking. Addressing the factors that block their sleep pressure, such as excessive excitement or anxiety, can assist in calming them down effectively.

When Can I Expect My Baby to Sleep Through the Night?

Research indicates that sleep development in infants is highly individual and varies across the first year. It is often unpredictable when an infant will start sleeping through the night. Studies with video monitoring show that while sleep durations do lengthen over time, it remains common for babies to wake throughout the night in their first year. A particular study involving 100 four-week and three-month-old babies found that only about one-quarter managed to self-soothe back to sleep without parental assistance during night wakings.

It’s crucial to acknowledge that sleep behaviors can differ significantly even among siblings within the same family. Many parents share experiences where their first child slept soundly at a young age, only to face a vastly different scenario with their second child, who would awaken frequently during the initial year. The sleep and care environments may be the same, but each infant may have different temperaments and needs.

Is There a Difference in Sleep Patterns Between Formula-Fed and Breastfed Babies?

Recent findings in 2023, which analyzed data from 35 studies, revealed that while breastfeeding parents and their babies typically wake more frequently at night compared to those using formula, there is no significant difference in total sleep duration or the nightly awake time.

Both breastfeeding and formula-feeding produced similar overall sleep patterns and maternal sleep quality. This might seem counterintuitive, but it could be due to breastfeeding leading to quicker return-to-sleep times compared to formula-feeding, which often requires preparing a bottle at night.

Breastfeeding also releases the hormones oxytocin and prolactin, which aid relaxation and drowsiness, enabling both mother and baby to resettle to sleep more effectively.

Will Extra Milk or Solids Help My Baby Sleep Better?

The concept of helping babies to “sleep better” can be complex. In early infancy, where frequent awakenings are the norm and circadian rhythms are not yet established, sleeping better might mean fewer nighttime interruptions for parents. However, introducing formula or solids at bedtime to resolve sleep disturbances can pose risks, such as increasing the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and potentially impeding breastfeeding.

Young infants usually spend a significant amount of time in lighter sleep stages essential for their brain development, so fostering longer or deeper sleep isn’t inherently beneficial. According to a 2015 study, there was no correlation between the introduction of solids and night-waking—more milk or solids during the day correlated with fewer nighttime feeds, but not fewer awakenings.

What About the Notion of a Four-Month Sleep Regression?

The idea of sleep regressions likely stems from observations that some babies sleep more soundly at three months before resuming night awakenings. This may be linked to “developmental leaps” that increase active sleep as a baby’s brain adapts to new skills. However, the concept of a universal sleep regression is not scientifically supported, and these patterns do not occur in a consistent manner across all infants.

Recognizing that sleep development follows a non-linear path is crucial—night wakings and sleep duration can fluctuate dramatically throughout the first year, resembling a rollercoaster rather than adhering to a strict schedule.

Is It True That I Should Never Wake a Sleeping Baby?

The saying, “never wake a sleeping baby,” reflects a cultural belief where quieter babies are deemed “good.” However, prolonged sleep waves are not the normal state for infants, and parents should be cautious about babies who sleep for extended periods without waking. After birth, drowsy babies may need to be woken for regular feedings if they are not waking on their own.

Once they develop consistent day-night rhythms and sleep begins to consolidate, reducing daytime naps can help build up enough sleep pressure for nighttime rest without the need to wake them actively.

Should I Consider the ‘Cry It Out’ Method?

The “cry it out” approach involves leaving an infant to cry until they eventually fall asleep alone, often with the intent to teach them self-soothing. This method is seen as one of the harshest sleep-training techniques, involving no comfort for the child and not allowing a gentle transition process.

This practice is discouraged for infants under six months, as night feeds are still necessary and sleeping alone increases SIDS risks at this age. Even between six and twelve months, this technique is not recommended due to infants’ lack of understanding of object permanence, leading to feelings of abandonment. Given their high dependency during this stage of life, finding gentler methods of establishing sleep routines is more appropriate.

Understanding infant sleep is essential for new parents navigating these early months—a subject intricately explored in the work of Professor Helen L. Ball.

As a parent navigating revision over the Easter break, managing screen time can be challenging, especially since many of the most valuable educational resources are available online. These range from YouTube tutorials to informative podcasts. It’s reasonable to question your child’s use of headphones while they seem to be multitasking with music, but what if they are actually studying for a German exam or listening to a podcast about historical events?

Today’s educational expectations, particularly at the GCSE level, appear to be more structured compared to guidance offered to previous generations. Back in the late 1980s and early 1990s, achieving good grades relied more on applying facts creatively, whereas many contemporary tutorial platforms dissect past papers with meticulous detail.

Students who discover these online resources often regard UK educators as modern-day heroes, illustrated by the enthusiastic comments on their free lesson videos. Many young learners express how these resources have significantly improved their grades or provided emotional support during difficult times.

This exam season can be a challenging time for families, especially for students struggling with specific subjects or feeling overwhelmed by their educational journey. This curated list of podcasts and video resources aims to support learning in a more engaging and less conventional manner, such as with humorous historical animations or audio versions of required readings that students can listen to while outdoors.

While these resources are beneficial, they should serve as supplements to authentic learning. Examiners are keen to identify originality and fresh insights in students’ responses. Meanwhile, parents play a vital role in maintaining motivation and ensuring students are fed and supported throughout the revision process.

If you have further resources to recommend or strategies for surviving exam season, feel free to share in the comments below. For inquiries regarding managing exam anxiety, sleep, and more, you can reach out via email.

Top Revision Resources

BBC Bitesize

While streaming services may attract teens’ attention, none match the BBC’s mission to educate alongside entertainment. BBC Bitesize offers a plethora of resources aligned with various examination boards, including extensive video content, quizzes, and valuable organizational tips for revision schedules. Key subjects, including music and the arts, are well covered, and access to additional BBC productions enhances the learning experience. Visit bbc.co.uk/bitesize/learn

Quizlet

Quizlet is an excellent tool for creating and using flashcards. Students can design their own cards or tap into a comprehensive library. The mobile app is especially favored among language learners for vocabulary practice. Explore further at quizlet.com/gb

Freesciencelessons

With over 700 engaging video tutorials led by Dr. Shaun Donnelly, this resource provides comprehensive coverage of GCSE and A-level science. The videos are well-regarded for their clarity and thoroughness and complement available workbooks. Learn more at freesciencelessons.co.uk

Seneca Learning

This platform, often accessible through schools, supports students with gamified learning experiences and progress tracking. It serves best as a complement to traditional revision methods. For more, check senecalearning.com

Physics and Maths Tutor

This resource offers more than just physics and maths past papers, extending to core subjects as well and providing online crash courses during holiday breaks. Experience it at physicsandmathstutor.com

BBC Sounds: Time to Study

This audio series includes dedicated podcasts covering GCSE topics in English literature, history, and science. Students can enhance their understanding of key texts, like Macbeth, through dramatic adaptations, as well as access history-focused podcasts that span various themes and periods. Visit bbc.co.uk/sounds

In Our Time Archive

For accessible yet profound explorations of numerous subjects, this BBC Radio 4 podcast provides more than 1,000 episodes, offering insights into historical figures and events that support student learning. This valuable resource is available online and includes suggested readings. More information at bbc.co.uk

A-Z Core Revision Subjects

Art

Art UK serves as an excellent educational resource, providing access to curriculum-specific materials that cultivate interest in art across the UK. Explore more at artuk.org/learn/learning-resources

Students can also benefit from BBC Bitesize for comprehensive learning across subjects. Visit bbc.co.uk/bitesize

Computing Science

Craig’n’Dave is a digital platform boasting a wide array of free resources for GCSE, IGCSE, and A-level computing students. Featuring user-friendly designs, the site complements the resources available through BBC Bitesize. More at craigndave.org

Isaac Computer Science offers valuable resources matched with booster courses that assist students in navigating the curriculum. Find out more at isaaccomputerscience.org

English

Teachers like the dynamic Salles, known for his engaging video analyses of primary GCSE texts, are having a significant impact, evidenced by his broad subscriber base. View his content at youtube.com/@MrSallesTeachesEnglish

Meanwhile, Mr Bruff shares essential insights through his video tutorials and text analyses for a global audience at youtube.com/@mrbruff

The Secret Life of Books podcast offers literature enthusiasts a chance to revisit classics. With in-depth discussions and expert guests, this podcast is enlightening and engaging for readers. For details, visit secretlifeofbooks.org.

Additionally, students can benefit from audio adaptations of classic literature on platforms like BBC iPlayer, where notable performances bring texts to life. Access this at bbc.co.uk/iplayer

Geography

Geography educators like “Mr B” publish informative content tailored for AQA exam preparation. Engage with his tutorials at youtube.com/c/MrBowater

Also, Geography Case Studies offers tailored tutorials that help students enhance their performance. Check it out at youtube.com/@GeographyCaseStudies

Complementing these resources, the Royal Geographical Society provides extensive materials for different educational stages.

History

The Rest Is History podcast offers a wide array of episodes that align with history syllabi, covering critical periods and events in an engaging manner. More details about this resource can be found at bbc.co.uk/sounds

OverSimplified provides entertaining animated history lessons which are educational yet humorous. Dive into this at youtube.com/@OverSimplified

Epic History delivers animated series that vividly narrate significant historical events. Explore their informative material at youtube.com/@EpichistoryTv

Languages

Language learners can utilize BBC Bitesize for a wealth of lessons, and Spanish language learners may find additional resources through BBC Mundo. Check bbc.com/mundo for more.

Many podcasts also provide dynamic language practice through immersive listening experiences, such as Coffee Break and Easy languages.

Maths

Corbettmaths is highly regarded among students and offers a range of materials to enhance maths learning. Access its resources at corbettmaths.com

Jack Brown provides comprehensive video tutorials that cater to a range of educational needs through his platform at tlmaths.com

Also, consider utilizing resources from BBC Bitesize and physicsandmathstutor.com for additional support.

Religious Studies and Philosophy

Truetube is a distinguished educational tool that explores major world religions and key philosophical concepts. Visit truetube.co.uk for more.

For concise explanations of philosophical schools and theories, the Philosophy Bites podcast is recommended, along with content available at BBC Bitesize.

These memories are among my most cherished. My early experiences with gaming sparked a lifelong passion that ultimately led to my career as a games journalist. During my childhood in the 1990s, gaming was a relatively niche hobby, but today, the gaming industry has exploded into a multi-billion-pound global phenomenon, boasting over three billion gamers worldwide. There’s a strong likelihood your child is among them.

Despite this, some parents still hold onto the outdated belief that video games are detrimental to children’s brains. It’s crucial to shift our perspective on gaming, as it can offer numerous positive benefits when approached correctly, similar to any other form of entertainment.

As gaming continues to be a significant aspect of my life, and with a six-month-old son, I’ve reflected on how I’ll introduce him to games when he’s old enough to play with my PS5 controller rather than attempting to chew on it. Here are my suggestions for enjoying video games with your children.

When and How to Get Started

I began my gaming journey at four years old. For younger children, I recommend starting with a Nintendo Switch (or the future Switch 2) due to its variety of family-friendly games, including Lego Star Wars and Super Mario Odyssey. Consoles like the PS5 also offer titles such as Astro Bot and Sackboy: A Big Adventure, which can introduce children to gaming and the concept of using a controller. (All mentioned games are rated seven and up and are quite gentle.)

Many parents worry about screen time. Once your child is gaming independently, consider using parental controls (details below) to monitor their playtime or set a schedule. Be sure to balance gaming with other vital activities like outdoor play and reading.

The Benefits of Family Gaming

This piece of advice is simple yet valuable. I treasure the moments spent playing Mario Kart 64 against my dad and helping (or rather hindering) my mum learn FIFA 99. Games are made for enjoyment and can foster bonds within families through shared experiences.

Research supports the notion that family gaming can promote healthy social behaviors and enhance communication. Look for games like Overcooked (suitable for ages three and up), which encourages teamwork, or Minecraft (from age seven), that allows creative exploration with your children. Alternatively, titles like Super Mario Bros Wonder provide plenty of laughter together (also perfect for kids aged three and up).

Additionally, actively engaging your children by asking about the games they are playing is essential. Inquire about how they solved challenges or what stories are unfolding. This approach not only nurtures their interests but also creates opportunities for them to share their knowledge with you.

Research Games Thoroughly and Avoid Peer Pressure

When I was a kid, my parents didn’t have to concern themselves with inappropriate content in games like Donkey Kong Country or Tetris, but today’s games can include far more mature themes. Investigating a game’s content through resources like Pegi can help you find suitable titles and provide peace of mind.

Your child may encounter peer pressure to play certain games—sometimes even feeling the need to pretend they have played them. While some children might obtain a copy of Grand Theft Auto VI (which is intended for adults) when it releases next year, discussing with your child why they can’t play it—not just giving a flat “no”—can foster understanding rather than resentment.

Harness Games as Educational Tools

Video games are inherently engaging because they require interaction. Recent studies show gaming can enhance literacy and reading skills for many young players. A survey by the National Literacy Trust found that 88% of young gamers read messages from friends and family within gaming platforms, emphasizing its role as a communication tool.

Games like Shashingo (ages three and up) can teach Japanese through photography, and the Assassin’s Creed series features a mode devoid of combat that allows exploration of historical settings, making it suitable for school use in lessons about history and geography.

Even classic games can provide educational value: Portal and The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom (both rated 12 and up) require the use of physics and logic, while narrative-driven games like Venba (suitable for ages seven and up) expose children to diverse cultures.

Implement Parental Controls

Online gaming offers fantastic social opportunities. Many of us found it a crucial outlet during the Covid pandemic; however, risks are involved. Children may access virtual environments with strangers or experience negative interactions. Using parental controls can mitigate these risks.

Resources from gaming publishers like Epic Games—the creators of Fortnite, a game your child likely plays—can guide you in managing their interactions, monitoring playtime, and controlling expenditures on in-game purchases like character skins.

All families receiving the main benefits in the UK will now qualify for free meals, valued at approximately £500 annually. This expansion is expected to decrease child poverty by around 100,000 children.

Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer termed this decision a “truly historic moment” and reiterated his commitment to reducing child poverty, especially as Labour MPs intensify calls for more aggressive action.

The Prime Minister is exploring the possibility of reallocating £3.5 billion to eliminate the two-child benefit cap, a change that could lift over 500,000 children out of poverty. This measure has been a central demand from Labour MPs and cabinet officials.

Officials aim to provide an initial step toward a broader child poverty strategy set to be unveiled in the spring, addressing concerns among Labour backbenchers about the party’s efforts in this area. Some MPs fear their party may lose ground to Nigel Farage, who recently promised to abolish the two-child cap.

Currently, children qualify for free school meals if they belong to families with incomes below £7,400, a threshold unchanged since 2018. Starting in autumn 2026, the criteria will shift to include children from households claiming universal credit, potentially increasing free meal eligibility to more than half a million children, including many from families earning over £40,000.

On Thursday, Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson defended the decision to delay implementation until 2026, citing the need for schools and the government to adjust systems for eligibility and record-keeping. She emphasized that schools require preparation to expand kitchen staff for increased demand.

In response to concerns about the quality of school meals, she committed to a swift review of standards to ensure nutritional adequacy.

While Phillipson assured that the government would fund the expansion of free school meals, she highlighted that schools must finance a portion of a 4 percent pay raise for teachers.

When questioned about the potential for staffing cuts in schools, she stated, “I don’t accept that,” and mentioned government initiatives to help schools reduce costs, particularly in areas outside of workforce spending.

Starmer emphasized, “Feeding more children for free every day is one of the most impactful steps we can take to ease parental financial burdens, alleviate poverty, and enhance children’s learning environments.”

He reiterated his determination to address child poverty, which has hit a record 4.5 million in the UK.

Phillipson previously characterized the fight against child poverty as a “moral mission” and expressed her desire to eliminate the two-child cap via a task force aimed at addressing child poverty, which she leads alongside Liz Kendall, the work and pensions secretary. This group is expected to provide recommendations in the autumn as ministers seek additional time to determine funding mechanisms for the proposed policy.

Phillipson confirmed that discussions regarding the removal of the two-child benefit cap are “on the table,” and she conveyed her disapproval of the current measure but noted ongoing negotiations with Starmer, Kendall, and Reeves.

The financial implications of expanding free school meals, estimated at £1 billion over three years, are anticipated to be covered by an upcoming Department for Education budget announcement during the spending review. Phillipson recently reached a funding agreement following tensions with the Treasury concerning the financial requirements of her department.

Kendall referred to the expansion of free school meals as “a downpayment on our child poverty strategy,” emphasizing the detrimental impact of poverty on children’s opportunities and futures. She stated, “By extending free school meals to all families on universal credit, we are alleviating the impossible choices many hard-working families face between paying bills and providing food for their children.”

This initiative follows calls from 11 major charities urging Chancellor Rachel Reeves to abolish the “egregious” two-child cap without delay. Organizations such as Save the Children, Citizens Advice, and The Children’s Society warned that this policy forces over 100 children into poverty daily.

“If these policies persist, child poverty will likely increase by the end of this parliament, marking a first under a Labour government,” they cautioned.

Nevertheless, the Child Poverty Action Group praised the free school meal expansion as a “game changer for children and families.” Kate Anstey, head of education policy at the group, expressed hope that this initiative signals a broader, more proactive approach to child poverty in the forthcoming strategy.

According to economist Alex Clegg from the Resolution Foundation, this shift to include all households receiving universal credit in the free school meals program will substantially benefit families struggling with living costs. The analysis indicates that a complete rollout could lift about 100,000 children out of poverty, setting the stage for a more robust child poverty strategy in the fall.

Experts, MPs, and union representatives are advocating for automatic enrollment of children in free school meals to enhance uptake. Tammy Campbell from the Education Policy Institute welcomed the extension of eligibility but noted that many families currently entitled to free meals do not complete the necessary registration, particularly among younger children and those just starting primary school.